PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian					Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene	0.21
		Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
		Gelasian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †								Late Pliocene	2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
		Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
		Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
		Serravallian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
		Langhian										13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene	15.98
							Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
							late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
		Aquitanian										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
								Monroecreekian				23.1 *
								Geringian				24.7 *
		Rupelian						Geringian			Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene	29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
		Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					41.2
		Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
		Ypresian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene	47.8
							Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
									Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene	56
		Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene	56.2
		Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene	60.9
		Danian							To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Dzhulfian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Midian	264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian	283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian			Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Emsian		393.3
		Pragian						Siegen		407.6
		Pragian				Coblencien		Siegen		408.2 *
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	430.5					Jaagarahu
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani					433.4
		Telychian	Adavere					434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere					438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Branchian	509
		Stage 3							Branchian	514
		Stage 3							Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8