PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of the Pamirs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan					Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian					Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian					Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian					Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian					Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †												2.58
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean					Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Tortonian					Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian					Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian					Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
							Hemingfordian								16.3
							Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
							Whitneyan								29.5
							Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian					Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian					Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian					Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian					Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian					Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian					Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian					Bridgerian								47.8
							Wasatchian								50.5
							Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian					Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian					Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian					Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian					Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	Dzhulfian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian			Midian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		266.2 *
		Roadian			Murgabian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian			Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian			Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian			Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian						Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Lockportian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Ontarian				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian				438.7 *
			Medinan						Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8