PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Permian of the Pamirs	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages		Permian Subages of Germany	North American Mammal Subages/Zones
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Sheridanian			0.0117
		Chibanian									Sheridanian			0.129
		Chibanian									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.21
		Calabrian									Cudahyan/Sappan			0.774
		Calabrian									Senecan/Rexroadian			1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †											2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			9.4
		Serravallian									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			11.63
		Serravallian									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
											Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			16.3
											late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
												Monroecreekian		23.1 *
												Geringian		24.7 *
		Rupelian										Geringian		27.82
		Rupelian												29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian												37
		Bartonian												37.71
		Bartonian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian									Late Uintan/Early Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			46.2
		Ypresian									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			47.8
											Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			50.5
													Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
		Thanetian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
		Selandian											Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
		Selandian											To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian											To3/To2/To1	61.6
		Danian											Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian						Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian						100.5
								Middle Albian						106.2 *
								Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian						113
		Aptian						Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian						139.8
								Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
								Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian	168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian	174.7
				Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Dorashamian	Melekhovian		Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †			Buntsandstein	Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian						Leine		264.28
					Noginskian					264.9 *
							Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian			273.01
					Pavlovoposadian		Kubergandian			276.8 *
							Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian			283.5
							Yakhtashian			286
					Rusavkinian		Yakhtashian			287.6 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Asselian				293.52
		Asselian	Asselian				Kuzel			297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
										Xiaodushanian	300 *
							Stephanian				Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian							303.7
					Khamovnikian							304.8
					Khamovnikian						Cantabrian	305 *
					Krevyakinian					Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian							307
					Myachkovian		Westphalian				Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Podolskian						Westphalian D	308.9 *
					Podolskian						Westphalian C	309.8
					Kashirian							311.4 *
					Vereian							313.8
					Vereian						Westphalian B	314.6
					Melekessian							314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian							315.2
					Cheremshanian							316.9 *
											Westphalian A	317 *
										Huashibanian		318.5 *
					Prikamian				318.6 *
					Prikamian		Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
					Severokeltmian				Yeadonian		319.9 *
					Severokeltmian				Marsdenian		320.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian				Marsdenian	Lousuan	321.2 *
					Krasnopolyanian				Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
					Voznesenian				Kinderscoutian		321.9 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian				Chokierian	Dewunian	323.2
					Zapaltjubian				Arnsbergian		324 *
					Protvian						324.4 *
					Steshevian						326.8 *
					Steshevian				Pendleian		327.4 *
					Tarusian						329 *
					Tarusian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Venevian		Warnantian		Brigantian †		330.9
					Mikhailovian						331.9 *
					Aleksinian						333.7 *
					Aleksinian					Jiusian	335 *
					Tulian						335.8 *
					Tulian		Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
					Bobrikian		Livian		Asbian †		339.9 *
					Bobrikian		Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
					Radaevkian		Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian		Tangbagouan		Ivorian		346.7
					Kizelian						350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Cherepetian	Hastarian			353.7 *
				Karakubian	354.4 *
				Upinian	356.3 *
				Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian	Paadla				423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula				427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					485.4
		Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian					494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †	497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						Stage 5 †	504.5
														509