PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128235 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Units	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6			Wanganui	Haweran					0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian								Castlecliffian				Middle Pleistocene	0.34
				Calabrian								Castlecliffian				Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian								Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian								Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian								Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †				Villanyian			Mangapanian				Late Pliocene	2.58
									Villanyian			Waipipian					3
									Ruscinian								3.1 *
				Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean								Opoitian				Early Pliocene	3.7
			Miocene	Messinian					Turolian		Taranaki	Kapitean				Late Miocene	5.333
				Messinian								Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian													7.246
									Vallesian								8.7
									Vallesian		Southland	Waiauan					11.04
				Serravallian				Cenozoic 5	Astaracian			Waiauan				Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian								Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian								Lillburnian					13.82
												Clifdenian					15.1
											Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian					Orleanian			Altonian				Early Miocene	15.98
									Orleanian			Otaian					18.7
									Agenian								20
				Aquitanian													20.44
				Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian					21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4				Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Late Oligocene	23.03
												Duntroonian					25.2
												Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian									Kekeamuan			Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Late Eocene	33.9
											Arnold	Runangan					34.6
												Kaiatan					36.7
				Bartonian								Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian								Bortonian					39.1
				Lutetian				Cenozoic 2				Bortonian					41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
												Heretaungan					45.7
				Ypresian								Heretaungan		Bumbanian		Early Eocene	47.8
												Mangaorapan					48.9
												Waipawan					52
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1				Teurian	Gashatan			Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian												Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian												Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian					66
				Campanian				Cretaceous 7				Haumurian					72.1
				Santonian				Cretaceous 6				Piripauan					83.6
				Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
												Mangaotanean					90.5
												Arowhanan					93.7
				Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan					93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
												Motuan					99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4				Motuan					100.5
												Urutawan					103.3
											Taitai	Korangan					108.4
				Aptian				Cretaceous 3				Korangan					113
				Aptian				Cretaceous 3									117.5
Barremian				Cretaceous 2		121.4
Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2		125.77
Valanginian				Cretaceous 1		132.6
Berriasian				Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4			165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4			168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3			174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4			208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Melekhovian	Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							Midian	259.51
			Wordian								264.28
							Noginskian				264.9 *
										Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian	Permian 3						Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Kubergandian	273.01
							Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *	Kubergandian
									Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian						Bolorian	283.5
									Yakhtashian	286
							Rusavkinian		Yakhtashian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1					Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						298.9
			Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian			303.7
							Khamovnikian			304.8
							Krevyakinian			305.8 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Myachkovian			307
							Podolskian			308.9 *
							Kashirian			311.4 *
							Vereian			313.8
							Melekessian			314.8
			Bashkirian				Melekessian			315.2
							Cheremshanian			316.9 *
					Prikamian		318.6 *
					Severokeltmian		319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
					Voznesenian		321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian		323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
					Aleksinian		333.7 *
					Tulian		335.8 *
					Bobrikian		339.9 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian		346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
					Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian		354.4 *
					Upinian		356.3 *
					Malevkian		357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Cincinnatian	Gamachian			443.8
			Katian				Gamachian			445.2
Richmondian							446 *
Maysvillian							Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian			449.8 *
Edenian								450.4 *
Mohawkian						Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Chatfieldian		453
						Turinian		453.7 *
Whiterockian							Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian				469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian				Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Ordovician 1		Tulean					477.7
						Stairsian					480.3 *
						Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5		Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10								487.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Series 3 †						Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian								Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3									Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																	1400