PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		South American Land Mammal Ages		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene			Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene			Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene			Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene			Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian												Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian												Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †								Late Pliocene			Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian									Late Pliocene			Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene			Chapadmalalan			3.6
														Montehermosan			3.7 *
														Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian														Pannonian	7.246
														Chasicoan			7.9 *
														Mayoan			9.9 *
														Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5					Middle Miocene					Sarmatian	11.63
																Badenian	12.8 *
														Colloncuran		Badenian	13.7 *
		Langhian												Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian												Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene			Friasian			15.98
														Santacrucian			16.2 *
														Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
		Aquitanian												Colhuehuapian			20.44
		Aquitanian												Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4					Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene			Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3					Late Eocene			Tinguirirican			33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene			Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2											41.2
		Lutetian												Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian									Early Eocene			Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian									Early Eocene			Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1					Late Paleocene			Riochican			56
														Itaboraian			56.9 *
														Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene			Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8											66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7											72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6											83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4											100.5
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3											113
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2											121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2											125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1											132.6
		Berriasian				Cretaceous 1											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6											145
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5											149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4											165.3
		Bajocian				Jurassic 4											168.2
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7		Jurassic 3
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian		Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian		Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean		Carboniferous 2		330.9
		Tournaisian		Carboniferous 1		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Devonian 5		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		Devonian 4		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Devonian 3		Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Devonian 3		Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2		Emsian	393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1		Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
				Zahorany †/Vinice					Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
							Dobrotivian			458.5 *
							Oretanian			459.7 *
				Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian					Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Arenigian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10									Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian									Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian									Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †							Cambrian 4	St Davids		497
		Drumian								Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan			Stage 5 †					Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Cambrian 3	Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3								Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1			529
																	538.8