PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †														Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian															Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean															Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian															Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian															Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian				Cenozoic 5											Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian															Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian															Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian															Agenian	20
		Aquitanian															Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Cenozoic 4												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3												33.9
		Bartonian				Cenozoic 3												37.71
		Lutetian				Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian				Cenozoic 2												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1												56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian				Cretaceous 7									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian				Cretaceous 6									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4									Late Albian			100.5
															Middle Albian			106.2 *
															Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3									Late Aptian			113
		Aptian				Cretaceous 3									Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian				Cretaceous 2									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian				Cretaceous 1									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian			139.8
															Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
															Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian				Jurassic 6									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian				Jurassic 4									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						Late Bajocian			168.2
										Humphresianum					Late Bajocian			168.4
										Humphresianum					Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian				Jurassic 3			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense					Late Toarcian			174.7
															Late Toarcian			180.1
															Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						Middle Toarcian			182
									Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian				Jurassic 1			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian				Jurassic 1			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Triassic 3		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1				293.52
		Asselian		Permian 1				Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5				Kuzel	298.9
			Stephanian					Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4				Cantabrian	307
			Westphalian					Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
			Namurian					Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3				Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Ivorian					346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Hastarian					353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian							Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Harju					Porkuni	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	Bolindian	445.2
										Pirgu	Eastonian	449 *
										Vormsi		449.6 *
										Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
					Viru					Rakvere			450.6 *
										Oandu	Gisbornian		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							Keila		Idavere †	453
										Haljala			453.9
										Kukruse			456.4 *
										Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							Uhaku	Darriwilian		458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
						Aseri				460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
						Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
						Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								Yapeenian	467.3
											Castlemainian	468.5 *
						Billingen					Castlemainian	469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Chewtonian	470
							Latorp †				Chewtonian	470.1 *
											Bendigonian	471.8 *
											Lancefieldian	473.5 *
						Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Hunneberg						477.7
						Varangu						481.3 *
						Pakerort						482.2 *
											Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †									Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian										Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Cambrian 3	509
	Series 2	Stage 3											Cambrian 2	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											Cambrian 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											Cambrian 1	529
																		538.8