PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ten Million Year Bins	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Mesozoic Subages		Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of Australia	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Cenozoic 6							Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian											Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian											Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian											Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Tertiary †											2.58
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean											Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Tortonian											Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian				Cenozoic 5							Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian											Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
															Hemingfordian	16.3
															Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Cenozoic 4								23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
															Whitneyan	29.5
															Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Cenozoic 3							Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian											Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian											Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian				Cenozoic 2							Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian											Bridgerian	47.8
															Wasatchian	50.5
															Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cenozoic 1							Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian											Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian											Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian											Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian											Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian											Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
				Campanian				Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
				Santonian				Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Cretaceous 4			Late Albian					100.5
											Middle Albian					106.2 *
											Early Albian					109.9 *
				Aptian				Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian					113
				Aptian				Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian					119.5 *
				Barremian				Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
				Hauterivian				Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
				Valanginian				Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian					139.8
											Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
											Early Berriasian					142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
				Tithonian				Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	Late Bajocian	168.2
								Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
								Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
									Late Toarcian	180.1
									Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Middle Toarcian	182
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Early Toarcian	182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
			Norian						Sevatian	208.5
									Alaunian	213.2 *
									Lacian	216.7 *
			Carnian	Triassic 3					Tuvalian	227
			Carnian	Triassic 3					Julian	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					Longobardian	237
			Ladinian						Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian						Illyrian	242
									Pelsonian	243.8 *
									Bithynian	244.7 *
									Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian						Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan						Dienerian	251.2
			Induan						Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	Zechstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian								Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian									264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3								266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
			Artinskian								Autunian	283.5
			Sakmarian									290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1								293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle							Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle							Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale							Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian										425.6
			Gorstian									Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian									Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian		Wych							Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
			Telychian										436.3 *
			Aeronian										438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Datsonian		485.4
			Stage 10			Payntonian		486.8 *
			Jiangshanian			Iverian		489.5
			Paibian			Idamean		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †		Cambrian 4		Mindyallan					497
			Guzhangian				Boomerangian	499
			Drumian				Undillan	500.5
			Drumian				Floran	503
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †	Cambrian 3	Templetonian		504.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †		Ordian		507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4					Ordian		509
			Stage 4							510.8 *
			Stage 3				Cambrian 2			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Cambrian 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian				Cambrian 1			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian							1200				Yurmatian
		Ectasian							Burzyan				1375
																1400