PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian				Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian								Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan								Middle Pleistocene			0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan								Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				Yushean				Late Pliocene			2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan								Late Pliocene			2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan								Early Pliocene			3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Huayquerian				Baodean							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
							Tunggurian							11.1
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran				Shanwangian							13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian								Early Miocene			15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Santacrucian				Xiejiaan							16.9
			Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian			Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican		Kekeamuan						Early Oligocene			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene			35.9 *
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan			Bumbanian					Early Eocene			47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran			Bumbanian					Early Eocene			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Gashatan						Late Paleocene			56
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan								Early Paleocene			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian		Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian				323.2
		Visean		Chesterian				330.9
				Meramecian			335.8 *
				Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4			Buildwas
		Homerian	Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Telychian				436.3 *
		Aeronian				438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Gamachian	445.2
							Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
						Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian		453
							Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean				477.7
							Stairsian				480.3 *
							Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8