International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
  • J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
  • J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
  • P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
  • F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleSouth American Land Mammal AgesPaleogene Mammal Ages of AsiaCenozoic Subepochs of Southern EuropeEuropean Faunal ZonesCarbo-Permian of the Russian PlatformSilurian of the BalticOrdovician of BritainCambrian of North America
QuaternaryPleistoceneLate PleistoceneLujanianTarantian0.0117
ChibanianIonian0.129
Ensenadan0.3 *
Calabrian0.774
SanandresianUquian †1.7 *
GelasianMN 171.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianVorohueanMN 162.58
Chapadmalalan2.9 *
MN 153.2
Zanclean3.6
Montehermosan3.7 *
MN 144.2
HuayquerianMN 134.9 *
MioceneMessinian5.333
TortonianMN 127.246
MN 117.75
Chasicoan7.9 *
MN 108.7
MN 99.7
Mayoan9.9 *
Laventan10.9 *
MN 7 + 811.1
Serravallian11.63
MN 612.8 *
Colloncuran13.7 *
LanghianMN 513.82
Friasian15.4 *
BurdigalianMN 415.98
Santacrucian16.2 *
MN 316.9
Colhuehuapian17.4 *
MN 220
Aquitanian20.44
Deseadan20.9 *
MN 122.4
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianTabenbulakianHsandagolian23.03
RupelianKekeamuan27.82
Tinguirirican28.9 *
EocenePriabonianHouldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian33.9
Divisaderan35.9 *
BartonianSharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan37.71
Lutetian41.2
Mustersan41.9 *
YpresianBumbanian47.8
Casamayoran47.9 *
PaleoceneThanetianRiochicanGashatan56
Itaboraian56.9 *
Peligran58.9 *
Selandian59.2
Danian61.6
Tiupampan62.4 *
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtian66
Campanian72.1
Santonian83.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
Cenomanian93.9
Early CretaceousAlbian100.5
Aptian113
Barremian121.4
Hauterivian125.77
Valanginian132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonian145
Kimmeridgian149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
Bathonian165.3
Bajocian168.2
Aalenian170.9
Early JurassicToarcian174.7
Pliensbachian184.2
Sinemurian192.9
Hettangian199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetian201.4
Norian208.5
Carnian227
Middle TriassicLadinian237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekian247.2
Induan251.2
PermianLopingianChanghsingianMelekhovian251.902
Wuchiapingian254.14
GuadalupianCapitanian259.51
Wordian264.28
Noginskian264.9 *
Roadian266.9
CisuralianKungurian273.01
Pavlovoposadian276.8 *
Artinskian283.5
Rusavkinian287.6 *
Sakmarian290.1
Asselian293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelian298.9
KasimovianDorogomilovian303.7
Khamovnikian304.8
Krevyakinian305.8 *
MoscovianMyachkovian307
Podolskian308.9 *
Kashirian311.4 *
Vereian313.8
Melekessian314.8
Bashkirian315.2
Cheremshanian316.9 *
Prikamian318.6 *
Severokeltmian319.9 *
Krasnopolyanian321.2 *
Voznesenian321.9 *
MississippianSerpukhovianZapaltjubian323.2
Protvian324.4 *
Steshevian326.8 *
Tarusian329 *
ViseanVenevian330.9
Mikhailovian331.9 *
Aleksinian333.7 *
Tulian335.8 *
Bobrikian339.9 *
Radaevkian343.4 *
TournaisianKosvian346.7
Kizelian350.7 *
Cherepetian351.9 *
Karakubian354.4 *
Upinian356.3 *
Malevkian357.6 *
Gumerovian358 *
DevonianLate DevonianFamennian358.9
Frasnian372.2
Middle DevonianGivetian382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsian393.3
Pragian407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoliOhesaare419.2
Kaugetuma421.7 *
LudlowLudfordianKuressaare423
Paadla423.4 *
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerianRootsikula427.4
Jaagarahu429.2 *
Sheinwoodian430.5
Jaani431.8 *
LlandoveryTelychian433.4
Adavere434 *
Aeronian438.5
Raikkula439.4 *
Rhuddanian440.8
Juuru441.4 *
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantianAshgillHirnantian443.8
KatianRawtheyan445.2
Cautleyan448.9 *
Pusgillian449.3 *
CaradocStreffordianOnnian †449.6 *
Cheneyan451.5 *
Burrellian452.7 *
Sandbian453
Actonian †453.2 *
Marshbrookian †Woolstonian †454.2 *
Longvillian †455.2 *
Aurelucian456.8 *
Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian457.4 *
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilianLlanvirnLlandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn458.4
Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn461.3 *
Dapingian467.3
ArenigFennian468.4 *
Early OrdovicianFloian470
Whitlandian471.1 *
Moridunian474.3 *
TremadocianTremadocMigneintian477.7
Cressagian480.8 *
485 *
CambrianFurongianStage 10Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan485.4
Sunwaptan487.5
Jiangshanian489.5
Steptoean493 *
Paibian494
MiaolingianGuzhangianMarjumianAlbertian †497
Drumian500.5
WuliuanTopazan504.5
Delamaran506.5
Series 2Stage 4Waucoban †509
Dyeran511 *
Stage 3514
Montezuman514.8 *
Begadean519.9 *
TerreneuvianStage 2521
Fortunian529
538.8