PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian Subages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of the Salt Range	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		Tarantian								0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian		Ionian								0.129
			Ensenadan										0.3 *
												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian	0.774
												Nukumaruan	1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean										2.58
			Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
												Waipipian	3
		Zanclean										Waipipian	3.6
			Montehermosan									Opoitian	3.7 *
			Huayquerian									Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
			Chasicoan										7.9 *
			Mayoan										9.9 *
			Laventan										10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian										Waiauan	11.63
												Lillburnian	13.05
			Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
			Friasian									Clifdenian	15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
			Santacrucian										16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
												Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian											20.44
			Deseadan										20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Waitakian	23.03
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
			Divisaderan									Runangan	35.9 *
												Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian											41.2
			Mustersan										41.9 *
											Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
												Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian											47.8
			Casamayoran										47.9 *
												Mangaorapan	48.9
												Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican									Teurian	56
			Itaboraian										56.9 *
			Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian					Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Induan				251.2
		Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian				Amb	266.9
		Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian		Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
							Middle Famennian				365.3 *
			Early Famennian				368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian				Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
			Middle Frasnian							375.4 *
			Early Frasnian							379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian				Givetian		Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian							383.7 *
			Early Givetian							385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian				Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian						Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian						Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian						Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian						Siegen	407.6
		Pragian	Pragian				Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian				Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian							412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian					498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian					509
		Stage 3		Branchian					514
		Stage 3		Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
													538.8