PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs		Cambrian of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian		Tarantian									0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian		Ionian									0.129
				Chibanian	Ensenadan		Ionian									0.3 *
				Calabrian	Ensenadan											0.774
				Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean											2.58
				Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
				Zanclean	Chapadmalalan											3.6
					Montehermosan											3.7 *
					Huayquerian											4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
					Chasicoan											7.9 *
					Mayoan											9.9 *
					Laventan											10.9 *
				Serravallian	Laventan											11.63
				Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
				Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian											15.98
					Santacrucian											16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
				Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian											20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican											28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican											33.9
				Priabonian	Divisaderan											35.9 *
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
				Ypresian	Mustersan											47.8
				Ypresian	Casamayoran											47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican											56
					Itaboraian											56.9 *
					Peligran											58.9 *
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan											62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Dzhulfian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian	Midian		264.28
			Wordian	Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian	Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kubergandian		273.01
			Kungurian	Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian	Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian	Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian	Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian		Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian		443.8
			Katian			Bolindian		445.2
						Eastonian		449 *
						Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian			Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian			Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian			Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian		470
						Bendigonian		471.8 *
						Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian			Lancefieldian		477.7
			Tremadocian			Warendian		482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10						Festiniogian	Niuchehean		489.2 *
			Jiangshanian						Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
			Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
			Paibian							Paibian		494
			Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai		Duyunian		509
Stage 3		Series 2	Nangaoian							514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian							530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan										1375
																1400