PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian Epochs	Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			Sheridanian							0.0117
				Chibanian				Sheridanian							0.129
								Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
					Ensenadan										0.3 *
				Calabrian											0.774
								Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian		MN 17								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean		MN 16								2.58
					Chapadmalalan		MN 16								2.9 *
							MN 15								3.2
				Zanclean											3.6
					Montehermosan										3.7 *
							MN 14								4.2
							MN 14	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian							4.7
					Huayquerian		MN 13								4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian			MN 13								5.333
				Tortonian			MN 12								7.246
							MN 11								7.75
					Chasicoan		MN 11								7.9 *
							MN 10								8.7
							MN 10	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
							MN 9								9.7
					Mayoan										9.9 *
					Laventan										10.9 *
							MN 7 + 8								11.1
				Serravallian											11.63
								late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
							MN 6								12.8 *
					Colloncuran		MN 6								13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran		MN 5								13.82
				Langhian	Friasian		MN 5								15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian		MN 4								15.98
					Santacrucian										16.2 *
								Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
							MN 3								16.9
					Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
								late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
							MN 2								20
				Aquitanian											20.44
					Deseadan										20.9 *
							MN 1								22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
									Monroecreekian						23.1 *
									Geringian						24.7 *
				Rupelian											27.82
					Tinguirirican										28.9 *
															29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
					Divisaderan			Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							35.9 *
															37
				Bartonian											37.71
				Bartonian				Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian											41.2
					Mustersan										41.9 *
								Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
				Ypresian											47.8
					Casamayoran										47.9 *
								Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
										Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					56
					Riochican					Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					56.2
					Itaboraian										56.9 *
					Peligran										58.9 *
Selandian	59.2
Selandian	To3/To2/To1			60.9
Danian				61.6
				Tiupampan	62.4 *
	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Tiupampan	63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
			Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
			Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
			Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
			Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
			Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian				100.5
						Middle Albian				106.2 *
						Early Albian				109.9 *
			Aptian			Late Aptian				113
			Aptian			Early Aptian				119.5 *
			Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian			Late Berriasian				139.8
						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	145
			Tithonian			Early Tithonian				Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
			Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
			Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
			Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
			Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras					Late Bajocian	168.2
						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Late Bajocian	168.4
						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					Early Bajocian	168.6 *
			Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					Late Toarcian	174.7
						Planulata						179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
											Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
						Kanense							181.3 *
						Carlottense							182.3 *
						Carlottense					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
						Kunae					Early Toarcian		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian			Kunae	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
						Freboldi					185.1 *
						Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Tetraspidoceras		186.2 *
											Tetraspidoceras		189.2 *
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras					Canadensis		190.3 *
			Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras			196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
			Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
			Norian						Sevatian			208.5
									Alaunian			213.2 *
									Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian						Tuvalian			227
			Carnian						Julian			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Longobardian			237
			Ladinian						Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian					Illyrian	242
								Pelsonian	243.8 *
								Bithynian	244.7 *
								Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan					Dienerian	251.2
			Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean	Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian	Siegen					407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian						Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Sandbian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
			Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian						Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Yiyangian				470
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian				477.7
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian					485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian					497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian		509
		Series 2	Stage 3			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †		Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †		Wonokan †			571.7 *
															635