PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian			Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian			Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan			Middle Pleistocene						0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan			Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian		MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean		MN 16	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †					2.58
			Chapadmalalan		MN 16							2.9 *
					MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene						3.6
			Montehermosan									3.7 *
			Montehermosan		MN 14							4.2
			Huayquerian		MN 13							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12							7.246
					MN 11							7.75
			Chasicoan		MN 11							7.9 *
					MN 10							8.7
					MN 9							9.7
			Mayoan									9.9 *
			Laventan									10.9 *
					MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene						11.63
					MN 6							12.8 *
			Colloncuran		MN 6							13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran		MN 5							13.82
		Langhian	Friasian		MN 5							15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian		MN 4	Early Miocene						15.98
			Santacrucian		MN 4							16.2 *
			Santacrucian		MN 3							16.9
			Colhuehuapian		MN 3							17.4 *
					MN 2							20
		Aquitanian										20.44
			Deseadan									20.9 *
					MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian				Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican			Early Oligocene						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican			Late Eocene						33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan			Late Eocene						35.9 *
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan			Early Eocene						47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran			Early Eocene						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican			Late Paleocene						56
			Itaboraian									56.9 *
			Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan			Early Paleocene						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		Vokhmian				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian						Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian						Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian							Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian								305.9
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Kosovian					443.8
		Katian			Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian			453
					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
			Dobrotivian							458.5 *
			Oretanian							459.7 *
					Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian			Klabava †					467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian							477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †	497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †							504.5
												509