PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Britain		Cambrian of Siberia			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian											0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan											0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean											2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan											3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan											11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian											15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican											28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican											33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan											35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan											47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran											47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican											56
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan											62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian											Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	453
			Zahorany †/Vinice			Letna †	456.2 *
			Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
				Dobrotivian			458.5 *
				Oretanian			459.7 *
			Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian			468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian			470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										489.5
									Aksaian			490.7 *
									Sakian			492.2 *
								Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian				St Davids		Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian				Caerfai		Amgan/Solvan			509
									Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
									Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3							Botomian			514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian			521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
														538.8