PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian Subages	European Faunal Units	Ordovician of China			Devonian of France	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian											0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan											0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean			Villanyian								2.58
			Chapadmalalan			Villanyian								2.9 *
						Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Turolian								5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Chasicoan			Vallesian								8.7
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan			Astaracian								11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian			Orleanian								15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
						Agenian								20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican											28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican											33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan											35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan											47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran											47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican											56
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan											62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian		Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian			305.9
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian		Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian	Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
					Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian		383.7 *
					Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	Couvinien	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Pragian			Pragian	Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
					Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			Kralodvorian		449.5
									Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
							Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian				Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Dapingian			Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian			Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian			Tremadocian				477.7
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	Tremadocian				477.9 *
														485.4