PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran				Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan								Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian								Rancholabrean	0.129
										Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan								0.3 *
						Castlecliffian					0.34
		Calabrian									0.774
										Blancan	1.4
						Nukumaruan					1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian									1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian					2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								2.58
			Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
						Waipipian					3
		Zanclean				Waipipian					3.6
			Montehermosan			Opoitian					3.7 *
			Montehermosan							Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan					7.2
		Tortonian									7.246
			Chasicoan								7.9 *
			Chasicoan							Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan								9.9 *
			Laventan								10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan					11.04
		Serravallian									11.63
										Barstovian	12.5
						Lillburnian					13.05
			Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian									13.82
						Clifdenian					15.1
			Friasian			Clifdenian					15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian					15.9
		Burdigalian									15.98
			Santacrucian								16.2 *
			Santacrucian							Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian							Hemingfordian	17.4 *
										Arikareean	18.5
						Otaian					18.7
		Aquitanian									20.44
			Deseadan								20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian					21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian					23.03
						Duntroonian					25.2
						Whaingaroan					27.3
		Rupelian									27.82
			Tinguirirican								28.9 *
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian								Chadronian	33.9
					Arnold	Runangan					34.6
			Divisaderan			Runangan					35.9 *
						Kaiatan					36.7
										Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									37.71
						Bortonian					39.1
										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian									41.2
			Mustersan				41.9 *
					Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
						Heretaungan	45.7
							Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian						47.8
			Casamayoran					47.9 *
						Mangaorapan		48.9
						Mangaorapan	Wasatchian	50.5
						Waipawan	Wasatchian	52
						Waipawan	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican			Teurian	Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican				Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian					56.9 *
			Peligran					58.9 *
		Selandian						59.2
		Selandian					Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian						61.6
			Tiupampan	62.4 *
			Tiupampan	Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian			Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
					Mangaotanean		90.5
					Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	Mapingian †	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian	485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian	489.5
					Aksaian	490.7 *
				Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian		Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Ayusokkanian	497
				Ayusokkanian	Arcadian	498.4
						499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan		Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan				505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4			Branchian	509
				Toyonian		510 *
				Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian		514
				Atdabanian		515.6 *
				Atdabanian	Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		521
		Stage 2				525.5
		Fortunian				529
											538.8