PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Australia	Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian										0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian										0.129
			Ensenadan										0.3 *
						Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian				Castlecliffian							0.774
						Nukumaruan							1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian											1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean										2.58
			Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
						Waipipian							3
		Zanclean				Waipipian							3.6
			Montehermosan			Opoitian							3.7 *
			Huayquerian			Opoitian							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
			Chasicoan										7.9 *
			Mayoan										9.9 *
			Laventan										10.9 *
					Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian				Waiauan							11.63
						Lillburnian							13.05
			Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian											13.82
						Clifdenian							15.1
			Friasian			Clifdenian							15.4 *
					Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian											15.98
			Santacrucian										16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
						Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian											20.44
			Deseadan										20.9 *
					Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian							23.03
						Duntroonian							25.2
						Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
					Arnold	Runangan							34.6
			Divisaderan			Runangan							35.9 *
						Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian				Kaiatan							37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian											41.2
			Mustersan										41.9 *
					Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
						Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian											47.8
			Casamayoran										47.9 *
						Mangaorapan							48.9
						Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican			Teurian							56
			Itaboraian										56.9 *
			Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian	Senonian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	Gallic	100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian					Leine	264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian							Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian							Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian						Shangsian	Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean						Shangsian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean						Jiusian	Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian						Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian								393.3
		Pragian	Siegen								407.6
		Pragian	Siegen					Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine					Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Late Cambrian						Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10		Payntonian		486.8 *
		Jiangshanian		Iverian		489.5
		Paibian		Idamean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian	Mindyallan	497
		Guzhangian			Boomerangian	499
		Drumian			Undillan	500.5
		Drumian			Floran	503
		Wuliuan			Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan			Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian	Ordian	509
		Stage 4				510.8 *
		Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
													538.8