PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128366 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	European Faunal Units	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian										Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian										Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan										Middle Pleistocene	0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan										Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean			Villanyian							Late Pliocene	2.58
			Chapadmalalan			Villanyian								2.9 *
						Ruscinian								3.1 *
		Zanclean											Early Pliocene	3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian				Turolian							Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Chasicoan			Vallesian								8.7
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan			Astaracian							Middle Miocene	11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian			Orleanian							Early Miocene	15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
						Agenian								20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene	23.03
		Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican										Early Oligocene	28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican										Late Eocene	33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan										Late Eocene	35.9 *
		Bartonian											Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan										Early Eocene	47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran										Early Eocene	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican										Late Paleocene	56
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan										Early Paleocene	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian						66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic						100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian						Neocomian						125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian				Gamachian	445.2
						Richmondian	446 *
			Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
			Edenian				450.4 *
			Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian		453
					Turinian		453.7 *
			Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
		Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean					Ungurian	477.7
					Stairsian			480.3 *
					Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian	Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
		Stage 10	Sunwaptan									487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
						Aksaian						490.7 *
						Sakian						492.2 *
			Steptoean									493 *
		Paibian	Steptoean									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian			Marjumian	Albertian †					497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian	Zhanaarykian									500.5
		Drumian	Tuesaian									503
		Wuliuan	Tuesaian			Topazan						504.5
						Topazan						505.3
						Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Waucoban †					509
			Toyonian									510 *
			Toyonian			Dyeran						511 *
			Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3										514
						Montezuman						514.8 *
			Atdabanian			Montezuman						515.6 *
			Atdabanian			Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian									521
		Stage 2										525.5
		Fortunian										529
														538.8