PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126914 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian Subages	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan											Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian											Rancholabrean				0.129
													Irvingtonian				0.21
			Ensenadan														0.3 *
		Calabrian															0.774
													Blancan				1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †													1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean														2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan														2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan														3.6
			Montehermosan														3.7 *
			Montehermosan										Hemphillian				4.7
			Huayquerian														4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian					Pannonian										7.246
			Chasicoan														7.9 *
			Chasicoan										Clarendonian				9.4
			Mayoan														9.9 *
			Laventan														10.9 *
		Serravallian					Sarmatian										11.63
							Sarmatian						Barstovian				12.5
							Badenian										12.8 *
			Colloncuran				Badenian										13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran														13.82
		Langhian	Friasian														15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian														15.98
			Santacrucian														16.2 *
			Santacrucian										Hemingfordian				16.3
			Colhuehuapian										Hemingfordian				17.4 *
													Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan														20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian													Kekeamuan		27.82
			Tinguirirican														28.9 *
													Whitneyan				29.5
													Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian											Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
			Divisaderan										Chadronian				35.9 *
													Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian											Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian											Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian															41.2
			Mustersan														41.9 *
													Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian														Bumbanian	47.8
			Casamayoran														47.9 *
													Wasatchian				50.5
													Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican										Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
			Riochican										Tiffanian				56.2
			Itaboraian														56.9 *
			Peligran														58.9 *
		Selandian															59.2
		Selandian											Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian															61.6
			Tiupampan														62.4 *
			Tiupampan										Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian				72.1
		Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian				Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian				Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian				Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Cautleyan				448.9 *
					Pusgillian				449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
					Streffordian		Berounian			449.7 *
					Cheneyan					451.5 *
					Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Aurelucian								456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
								Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
							Dobrotivian						458.5 *
							Oretanian						459.7 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
								Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †					467.3
							Arenigian						468
			Arenig		Fennian								468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian								470
					Whitlandian								471.1 *
					Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian		Tremadocian						477.7
			Tremadoc		Cressagian								480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Late Cambrian							485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Middle Cambrian							497
		Guzhangian												Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Early Cambrian							Branchian	509
		Stage 3												Branchian	514
		Stage 3		Placentian										517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																	538.8