PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran				0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian											0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian											0.129
					Ensenadan											0.3 *
												Castlecliffian				0.34
				Calabrian								Castlecliffian				0.774
												Nukumaruan				1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
				Gelasian												1.8
				Gelasian								Mangapanian				2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean											2.58
					Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
												Waipipian				3
				Zanclean								Waipipian				3.6
					Montehermosan							Opoitian				3.7 *
					Huayquerian							Opoitian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
				Messinian								Tongaporutuan				7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
					Chasicoan											7.9 *
					Mayoan											9.9 *
					Laventan											10.9 *
											Southland	Waiauan				11.04
				Serravallian								Waiauan				11.63
												Lillburnian				13.05
					Colloncuran											13.7 *
				Langhian												13.82
												Clifdenian				15.1
					Friasian							Clifdenian				15.4 *
											Pareora	Altonian				15.9
				Burdigalian												15.98
					Santacrucian											16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
												Otaian				18.7
				Aquitanian												20.44
					Deseadan											20.9 *
											Landon	Waitakian				21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian				23.03
												Duntroonian				25.2
												Whaingaroan				27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican											28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
											Arnold	Runangan				34.6
					Divisaderan							Runangan				35.9 *
												Kaiatan				36.7
				Bartonian								Kaiatan				37.71
				Bartonian								Bortonian				39.1
				Lutetian												41.2
					Mustersan											41.9 *
											Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
												Heretaungan				45.7
				Ypresian												47.8
					Casamayoran											47.9 *
												Mangaorapan				48.9
												Waipawan				52
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican							Teurian				56
					Itaboraian											56.9 *
					Peligran											58.9 *
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan											62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Senonian		Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
			Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian	72.1
			Santonian						Piripauan	83.6
			Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
			Coniacian							86.3
			Turonian							89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
			Cenomanian						Arowhanan	93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian		Gallic				Motuan	100.5
									Urutawan	103.3
						Taitai		Korangan	108.4
			Aptian					Korangan	113
			Aptian						117.5
			Barremian						121.4
			Hauterivian		Neocomian				125.77
			Valanginian						132.6
			Berriasian						139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
			Kimmeridgian						149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian						165.3
			Bajocian						168.2
			Aalenian						170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
			Pliensbachian						184.2
			Sinemurian						192.9
			Hettangian						199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian						208.5
			Carnian						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Midian	259.51
			Wordian						Midian	264.28
			Wordian						Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian						Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian	273.01
			Kungurian						Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian						Bolorian	283.5
			Artinskian						Yakhtashian	286
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian						Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian							Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian								305.9
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
			Visean								330.9
			Tournaisian								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
			Pragian								Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine							410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian				Gamachian	443.8
			Katian								Gamachian	445.2
											Richmondian	446 *
											Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian				Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian					453			Chatfieldian
								Turinian			453.7 *
							Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
			Dapingian										467.3
			Dapingian		Rangerian	469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †				470
			Floian			Tulean						473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean						477.7
						Stairsian						480.3 *
						Skullrockian		Demingian †				482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian						485.4
			Stage 10									487.5
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635