PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian						0.129
			Ensenadan						0.3 *
								Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian						Castlecliffian	0.774
								Nukumaruan	1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian							1.8
		Gelasian						Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean						2.58
			Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
								Waipipian	3
		Zanclean						Waipipian	3.6
			Montehermosan					Opoitian	3.7 *
			Huayquerian					Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian						Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian							7.246
			Chasicoan						7.9 *
			Mayoan						9.9 *
			Laventan						10.9 *
							Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian						Waiauan	11.63
								Lillburnian	13.05
			Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian							13.82
								Clifdenian	15.1
			Friasian					Clifdenian	15.4 *
							Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian							15.98
			Santacrucian						16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
								Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian							20.44
			Deseadan						20.9 *
							Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Waitakian	23.03
								Duntroonian	25.2
								Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian							27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian							33.9
							Arnold	Runangan	34.6
			Divisaderan					Runangan	35.9 *
								Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian						Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian						Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian							41.2
			Mustersan						41.9 *
							Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
								Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian							47.8
			Casamayoran						47.9 *
								Mangaorapan	48.9
								Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican					Teurian	56
			Itaboraian						56.9 *
			Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian					Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean	90.5
							Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan	93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
							Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Gallic		Motuan	100.5
							Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai		Korangan	108.4
		Aptian				Korangan	113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian			Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
									419.2