PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian				Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian				Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan				Middle Pleistocene		0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan				Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan				Late Pliocene		2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan				Early Pliocene		3.6
			Montehermosan						3.7 *
			Huayquerian					Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
			Chasicoan						7.9 *
			Mayoan						9.9 *
			Laventan						10.9 *
								Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene		11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran					Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian	Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian				Early Miocene		15.98
			Santacrucian						16.2 *
			Santacrucian					Xiejiaan	16.9
			Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene		23.03
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene		27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican				Early Oligocene		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican				Late Eocene		33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan				Late Eocene		35.9 *
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian							41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan				Early Eocene		47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran				Early Eocene		47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican				Late Paleocene		56
			Itaboraian						56.9 *
			Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene		61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan				Early Paleocene		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
				Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian					489.5
						Steptoean	493 *
				Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian			Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			Dyeran		514
					Montezuman		514.8 *
					Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
									538.8