PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of North America				European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian					Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian					Middle Pleistocene												0.129
				Chibanian	Ensenadan					Middle Pleistocene												0.3 *
				Calabrian	Ensenadan					Early Pleistocene												0.774
				Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †																1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean					Late Pliocene											Villanyian	2.58
					Chapadmalalan																Villanyian	2.9 *
																					Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean						Early Pliocene												3.6
					Montehermosan																	3.7 *
					Huayquerian																	4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene											Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian																		7.246
					Chasicoan																	7.9 *
					Chasicoan																Vallesian	8.7
					Mayoan																	9.9 *
					Laventan																	10.9 *
				Serravallian	Laventan					Middle Miocene											Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian	Colloncuran																	13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran																	13.82
				Langhian	Friasian																	15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian					Early Miocene											Orleanian	15.98
					Santacrucian																	16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian																	17.4 *
																					Agenian	20
				Aquitanian																		20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan																	20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene												23.03
				Rupelian						Early Oligocene												27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican					Early Oligocene												28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican					Late Eocene												33.9
				Priabonian	Divisaderan					Late Eocene												35.9 *
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene												37.71
				Lutetian																		41.2
				Lutetian	Mustersan																	41.9 *
				Ypresian	Mustersan					Early Eocene												47.8
				Ypresian	Casamayoran					Early Eocene												47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican					Late Paleocene												56
					Itaboraian																	56.9 *
					Peligran																	58.9 *
				Selandian						Middle Paleocene												59.2
				Danian						Early Paleocene												61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan					Early Paleocene												62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
				Campanian																		72.1
				Santonian																		83.6
				Coniacian																		86.3
				Turonian																		89.8
				Cenomanian																		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
				Aptian																		113
				Barremian																		121.4
				Hauterivian																		125.77
				Valanginian																		132.6
				Berriasian																		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
				Kimmeridgian																		149.2
				Oxfordian																		154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
				Bathonian																		165.3
				Bajocian											Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							168.2
				Bajocian												Humphresianum						168.4
				Aalenian											Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				184.2
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Dorashamian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Dzhulfian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian		259.51
			Wordian			Midian		264.28
			Wordian			Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian			Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian		273.01
			Kungurian			Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian			Bolorian		283.5
			Artinskian			Yakhtashian		286
			Sakmarian			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
			Pragian								407.6
			Lochkovian								410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian		Kralodvorian						Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
					Kralodvorian						Richmondian		446 *
					Berounian						Richmondian		449.7 *
											Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian			450.4 *
										Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
			Sandbian								Chatfieldian			453
											Turinian			453.7 *
											Turinian			Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Whiterockian			Canadian †	Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Liben †					458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian														458.4
					Dobrotivian												458.5 *
					Oretanian												459.7 *
												Sarka †					461.7 *
			Dapingian									Klabava †					467.3
					Arenigian												468
							Rangerian				469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian			Blackhillsian	Jeffersonian †					Cassinian †	470
			Floian							Tulean							473.9 *
			Tremadocian		Tremadocian					Tulean							477.7
										Stairsian							480.3 *
				Skullrockian						Demingian †						482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Skullrockian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan												485.4
			Stage 10	Sunwaptan														487.5
			Jiangshanian	Sunwaptan														489.5
			Jiangshanian	Steptoean														493 *
			Paibian	Steptoean														494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian	Albertian †													497
Drumian			500.5	Marjumian
Wuliuan			Topazan	504.5
Wuliuan			Delamaran	506.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran		514
			Montezuman		514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2			521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																	Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian				720
		Tonian				Karatau													800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau													1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian													1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian													1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan													1375
																						1400