PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Australia	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian							Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean					Tertiary †		Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan								3.6
			Montehermosan								3.7 *
			Huayquerian							Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
			Chasicoan								7.9 *
			Mayoan								9.9 *
			Laventan								10.9 *
										Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian									11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran							Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian	Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian								15.98
			Santacrucian								16.2 *
			Santacrucian							Xiejiaan	16.9
			Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
		Rupelian									27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian									37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican								56
			Itaboraian								56.9 *
			Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian		Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	438.5			Adavere
		Aeronian	Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Ungurian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Batyrbaian	Datsonian	485.4
		Stage 10					Payntonian	486.8 *
		Jiangshanian					Iverian	489.5
						Aksaian		490.7 *
						Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian				Sakian	Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian	Mindyallan	Series 3 †	497
						Ayusokkanian	Boomerangian		499
							Boomerangian		499.5
		Drumian				Zhanaarykian	Undillan		500.5
		Drumian				Tuesaian	Floran		503
		Wuliuan			Templetonian	Tuesaian	Stage 5 †		504.5
					Templetonian				505.3
					Ordian				507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
						Toyonian			510 *
						Toyonian			510.8 *
						Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian			514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian			521
											525.5