PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of Australia	Cambrian of Britain		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian									Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian	0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian									Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Chibanian	Ensenadan									Middle Pleistocene		0.3 *
				Calabrian	Ensenadan									Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian							MN 17				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean							MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean	2.58
					Chapadmalalan							MN 16				2.9 *
												MN 15				3.2
				Zanclean										Early Pliocene		3.6
					Montehermosan											3.7 *
					Montehermosan							MN 14				4.2
					Huayquerian							MN 13			Baodean	4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian								MN 13		Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian								MN 12				7.246
												MN 11				7.75
					Chasicoan							MN 11				7.9 *
												MN 10				8.7
												MN 9				9.7
					Mayoan											9.9 *
					Laventan											10.9 *
												MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian	11.1
				Serravallian								MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene		11.63
												MN 6				12.8 *
					Colloncuran							MN 6				13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran							MN 5			Shanwangian	13.82
				Langhian	Friasian							MN 5				15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian							MN 4		Early Miocene		15.98
					Santacrucian							MN 4				16.2 *
					Santacrucian							MN 3			Xiejiaan	16.9
					Colhuehuapian							MN 3				17.4 *
												MN 2				20
				Aquitanian												20.44
					Deseadan											20.9 *
												MN 1				22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene		23.03
				Rupelian										Early Oligocene		27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican									Early Oligocene		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican									Late Eocene		33.9
				Priabonian	Divisaderan									Late Eocene		35.9 *
				Bartonian										Middle Eocene		37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
				Ypresian	Mustersan									Early Eocene		47.8
				Ypresian	Casamayoran									Early Eocene		47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican									Late Paleocene		56
					Itaboraian											56.9 *
					Peligran											58.9 *
				Selandian										Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Danian										Early Paleocene		61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan									Early Paleocene		62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
				Campanian												72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
Kimmeridgian				149.2
Oxfordian				154.8
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian		Buntsandstein	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian			253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian			254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Laibinian			257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan		Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian	Kuhfengian		Leine	264.28
			Roadian	Kuhfengian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian			273.01
			Artinskian	Luodianian			283.5
			Artinskian	Longlinian			285.4 *
			Sakmarian	Longlinian			290.1
			Asselian	Zisongian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian			298.9
			Gzhelian				300.1
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Datsonian		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
					Payntonian					486.8 *
										Sunwaptan	487.5
								Festiniogian			489.2 *
			Jiangshanian		Iverian						489.5
										Steptoean	493 *
								Maentwrogian			493.1 *
			Paibian		Idamean			Maentwrogian			494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Mindyallan		St Davids		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Guzhangian		Boomerangian						499
			Drumian		Undillan						500.5
			Drumian		Floran						503
			Wuliuan		Templetonian				Topazan		504.5
					Templetonian				Delamaran		506.5
					Ordian						507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian		Caerfai			Waucoban †	509
											510.8 *
									Dyeran		511 *
			Stage 3						Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																635