PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian of China		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian				Sheridanian					0.0117
				Chibanian					Sheridanian					0.129
									Cudahyan/Sappan					0.21
					Ensenadan									0.3 *
				Calabrian										0.774
									Senecan/Rexroadian					1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean									2.58
				Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
				Zanclean	Chapadmalalan									3.6
					Montehermosan									3.7 *
					Montehermosan				Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					4.7
					Huayquerian									4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
					Chasicoan									7.9 *
					Chasicoan				Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					9.4
					Mayoan									9.9 *
					Laventan									10.9 *
				Serravallian										11.63
									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian					12.5
					Colloncuran									13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran									13.82
				Langhian	Friasian									15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian									15.98
					Santacrucian									16.2 *
					Santacrucian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					16.3
					Colhuehuapian				Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian					17.4 *
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian				18.5
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan									20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
										Monroecreekian				23.1 *
										Geringian				24.7 *
				Rupelian										27.82
					Tinguirirican									28.9 *
														29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					33.9
					Divisaderan				Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian					35.9 *
														37
				Bartonian										37.71
				Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan					39.7
				Lutetian										41.2
					Mustersan									41.9 *
									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian					46.2
				Ypresian										47.8
					Casamayoran									47.9 *
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican						Cf3/Cf2/Cf1			56
					Riochican						Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			56.2
					Itaboraian									56.9 *
					Peligran									58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Selandian							To3/To2/To1			60.9
				Danian										61.6
					Tiupampan									62.4 *
					Tiupampan						Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
Cenomanian				93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	100.5
			Aptian	113
			Barremian	121.4
			Hauterivian	125.77
			Valanginian	132.6
			Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	145
			Kimmeridgian	149.2
			Oxfordian	154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian	Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian			Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian				445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
			Tremadocian		477.7
			Tremadocian		Mansian †		483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Niuchehean		Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian		Paibian						494
										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
							Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian		Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
			Guzhangian		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian			500.5
			Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian			Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Duyunian			Amgan/Solvan			509
								Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
								Botomian			512.5 *
			Stage 3		Nangaoian			Botomian			514
			Stage 3		Nangaoian			Atdabanian			515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian			Tommotian			521
			Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
			Fortunian						Manykaian †		529
			Fortunian		Jinnigian				Manykaian †		530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400