PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of China			Carboniferous Subepochs			Cretaceous Subepochs	Cambrian of China	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian											0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan											0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean										Villanyian	2.58
			Chapadmalalan										Villanyian	2.9 *
													Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Chasicoan										Vallesian	8.7
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan										Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian										Orleanian	15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
													Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican											28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican											33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan											35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan											47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran											47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican											56
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan											62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Senonian			66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Gallic			100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian									Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou		Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
		Sandbian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo				458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian		Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian						470
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian						477.7
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian				Lianghekou †		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		485.4
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian							Paibian		494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Nangaoian		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian		521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian		529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian		530.7
														538.8