PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of China			Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs		Ordovician of the Baltic			Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian						Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian						Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan						Middle Pleistocene							0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan						Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †												1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean						Late Pliocene							2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan						Late Pliocene							2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan						Early Pliocene							3.6
			Montehermosan													3.7 *
			Huayquerian													4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
			Chasicoan													7.9 *
			Mayoan													9.9 *
			Laventan													10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan						Middle Miocene							11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran													13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran													13.82
		Langhian	Friasian													15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian						Early Miocene							15.98
			Santacrucian													16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian													17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan													20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene							23.03
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene							27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican						Early Oligocene							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican						Late Eocene							33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan						Late Eocene							35.9 *
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan													41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan						Early Eocene							47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran						Early Eocene							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican						Late Paleocene							56
			Itaboraian													56.9 *
			Peligran													58.9 *
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene							61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan						Early Paleocene							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel		298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian	303.7				Stephanian A
		Kasimovian	Cantabrian				305 *
		Moscovian	Cantabrian				307
			Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
					Westphalian C		309.8
					Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B		315.2
					Westphalian A		317 *
			Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
					Marsdenian		320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
					Alportian		322 *
					Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian		323.2
					Arnsbergian		324 *
					Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian		Brigantian †		330.9
			Livian		Asbian †		336.3 *
			Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
							Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
							Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
						Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
									436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
						Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
								Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †		Pirgu	445.2
				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5		Pirgu
									Vormsi		449.6 *
									Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
										Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
										Haljala		453.9
										Kukruse		456.4 *
										Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				Guniu †/Hulo		Uhaku		458.4
										Lasnamagi		458.9 *
										Aseri		460.4 *
									Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
										Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian									470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
										Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Xinchangian									477.7
								Lianghekou †					477.9 *
										Varangu			481.3 *
										Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Pakerort	Datsonian			485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
											Payntonian			486.8 *
		Jiangshanian									Iverian			489.5
		Paibian									Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Mindyallan			497
		Guzhangian									Boomerangian			499
		Drumian			Undillan						500.5
		Drumian			Floran						503
		Wuliuan	Templetonian		504.5
		Wuliuan	Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4	Ordian		509
																510.8 *