PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of China			Silurian of England				Devonian of Germany	Permian of the Pamirs		Silurian of the Baltic
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian													0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian													0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan													0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan													0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †												1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean													2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan													2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan													3.6
			Montehermosan													3.7 *
			Huayquerian													4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
			Chasicoan													7.9 *
			Mayoan													9.9 *
			Laventan													10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan													11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran													13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran													13.82
		Langhian	Friasian													15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian													15.98
			Santacrucian													16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian													17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan													20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican													28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican													33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan													35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan													41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan													47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran													47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican													56
			Itaboraian													56.9 *
			Peligran													58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan													62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Induan			251.2
		Induan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Kathwai	Dorashamian	251.902
						252.4 *
				Chhidru		252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian		Chhidru	Dzhulfian	254.14
				Kalabagh		255 *
				Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Midian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	264.28
							265.3 *
				Amb			266.1 *
					Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian				Roadian	266.9
		Roadian				Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kubergandian	Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
					Bolorian		Cathedralian	279.8
							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						283.5
					Yakhtashian			286
					Yakhtashian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Asselian		Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian						Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian					351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian	Siegen						407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle						Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
									Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
									Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
			Wych						Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Jaani	433.4
										Adavere	434 *
											436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
			Cowleigh Park								439.3 *
										Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian								Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian								Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian							Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian								Wufeng †		Pirgu	445.2
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang										Pirgu	449.5
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian											Keila	Idavere †	453
													Haljala		453.9
													Kukruse		456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian							Guniu †/Hulo			Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
												Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
				Valaste †/Hunderum										464.3 *
										Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo			466.3 *
													Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian										Volkhov		467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian										Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian												470
				Latorp †											470.1 *
													Hunneberg		473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian												477.7
					Lianghekou †	477.9 *
						Varangu	481.3 *
						Pakerort	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort				485.4
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								486.3 *
																486.5