PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of Britain				Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian														Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian														Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan														Ionian	0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan															0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †														1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean															2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan															2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan															3.6
			Montehermosan															3.7 *
			Huayquerian															4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
			Chasicoan															7.9 *
			Mayoan															9.9 *
			Laventan															10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan															11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran															13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran															13.82
		Langhian	Friasian															15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian															15.98
			Santacrucian															16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian															17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian															20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan															20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican															28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican															33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan															35.9 *
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan															41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan															47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran															47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican															56
			Itaboraian															56.9 *
			Peligran															58.9 *
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan															62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian				100.5
														Middle Albian				106.2 *
														Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian				113
		Aptian												Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian				139.8
														Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
														Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian		Kosovian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan			Chientangkiangian	445.2
										Cautleyan				448.9 *
					Eastonian					Cautleyan				449 *
										Pusgillian				449.3 *
										Pusgillian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang		449.5
						Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †				449.6 *
							Berounian	Streffordian						449.7 *
								Cheneyan						451.5 *
					Gisbornian			Cheneyan						452 *
								Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian												453
										Actonian †				453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †					455.2 *
															Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Aurelucian									456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							457.4 *
									Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo					458.4
							Dobrotivian										458.5 *
							Oretanian										459.7 *
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
									Sarka †								461.7 *
									Sarka †			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo				466.3 *
		Dapingian			Yapeenian				Klabava †		Dapingian						467.3
							Arenigian										468
						Arenig		Fennian									468.4 *
					Castlemainian												468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian						Yiyangian						470
					Chewtonian			Whitlandian									471.1 *
					Bendigonian												471.8 *
					Lancefieldian												473.5 *
				Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian	Xinchangian		477.7
								Migneintian			Lianghekou †		477.9 *
								Cressagian					480.8 *
					Warendian			Cressagian					482.8 *
					Warendian								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Late Cambrian								485.4
		Jiangshanian															489.5
		Paibian															494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Middle Cambrian								497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan															504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Early Cambrian								509
	Series 2	Stage 3															514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian															529
																		538.8