PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of China		Permian Subages of Germany	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of Britain	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan												Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian												Rancholabrean	0.129
														Irvingtonian	0.21
			Ensenadan												0.3 *
		Calabrian													0.774
														Blancan	1.4
			Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean												2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan												2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan												3.6
			Montehermosan												3.7 *
			Montehermosan											Hemphillian	4.7
			Huayquerian												4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian			7.246
			Chasicoan												7.9 *
			Chasicoan											Clarendonian	9.4
			Mayoan												9.9 *
			Laventan												10.9 *
		Serravallian										Sarmatian			11.63
												Sarmatian		Barstovian	12.5
												Badenian			12.8 *
			Colloncuran									Badenian			13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran												13.82
		Langhian	Friasian												15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian												15.98
			Santacrucian												16.2 *
			Santacrucian											Hemingfordian	16.3
			Colhuehuapian											Hemingfordian	17.4 *
														Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan												20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
			Tinguirirican												28.9 *
														Whitneyan	29.5
														Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian	33.9
			Divisaderan											Chadronian	35.9 *
														Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian												Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian												Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
			Mustersan												41.9 *
														Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian													47.8
			Casamayoran												47.9 *
														Wasatchian	50.5
														Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican											Clarkforkian	56
			Riochican											Tiffanian	56.2
			Itaboraian												56.9 *
			Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Selandian												Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian													61.6
			Tiupampan												62.4 *
			Tiupampan											Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian				72.1
		Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				100.5
		Aptian				113
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian		Leine		264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian				Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	438.5			Adavere
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian			443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian	Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian					453
							Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
						Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
						Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian						468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10							Niuchehean			Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian							Paibian				494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	St Davids		497
		Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Duyunian		Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3							Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian				530.7
															538.8