PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian													Late Pleistocene		0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian													Middle Pleistocene		0.129
				Chibanian	Ensenadan													Middle Pleistocene		0.3 *
				Calabrian	Ensenadan													Early Pleistocene		0.774
				Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †														1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean													Late Pliocene		2.58
				Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan													Late Pliocene		2.9 *
				Zanclean	Chapadmalalan													Early Pliocene		3.6
					Montehermosan															3.7 *
					Huayquerian															4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene		5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
					Chasicoan															7.9 *
					Mayoan															9.9 *
					Laventan															10.9 *
				Serravallian	Laventan													Middle Miocene		11.63
				Serravallian	Colloncuran															13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran															13.82
				Langhian	Friasian															15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian													Early Miocene		15.98
					Santacrucian															16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian															17.4 *
				Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian															20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan															20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Late Oligocene		23.03
				Rupelian														Early Oligocene		27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican													Early Oligocene		28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican													Late Eocene		33.9
				Priabonian	Divisaderan													Late Eocene		35.9 *
				Bartonian														Middle Eocene		37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Lutetian	Mustersan															41.9 *
				Ypresian	Mustersan													Early Eocene		47.8
				Ypresian	Casamayoran													Early Eocene		47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican													Late Paleocene		56
					Itaboraian															56.9 *
					Peligran															58.9 *
				Selandian														Middle Paleocene		59.2
				Danian														Early Paleocene		61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan													Early Paleocene		62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian					66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic					100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian											Neocomian					125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian												Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				168.2
				Bajocian													Humphresianum			168.4
				Aalenian												Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
																Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
																Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian				Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian		Kralodvorian				Bohdalec †	Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Berounian					Streffordian		449.7 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Aurelucian					456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
									Liben †		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
					Dobrotivian										458.5 *
					Oretanian										459.7 *
										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
									Sarka †						461.7 *
			Dapingian						Klabava †						467.3
					Arenigian										468
								Arenig		Fennian					468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian					470
				Whitlandian						471.1 *
				Moridunian						474.3 *
			Tremadocian	Tremadocian				Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
									Cressagian	480.8 *
									Cressagian	Mansian †					483.55 *
										Mansian †					485 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
Jiangshanian			489.5							Batyrbaian
			Aksaian							490.7 *
			Sakian							492.2 *
Paibian										494
Paibian										Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian													497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian													499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian													500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan													504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan													509
			Toyonian							Lenian †						510 *
			Botomian													512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian													514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian													515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian													521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian													525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian							Manykaian †						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																	635
		Tonian																	720
		Tonian																Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian																Karatau	1000
		Stenian																Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian				1200												Yurmatian
		Ectasian				Burzyan												1375
																				1400