PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian												0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian												0.129
			Ensenadan												0.3 *
														Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian	0.774
														Nukumaruan	1.63
			Sanandresian	Uquian †											1.7 *
		Gelasian													1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean									Villanyian			2.58
			Chapadmalalan												2.9 *
														Waipipian	3
												Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean													3.6
			Montehermosan											Opoitian	3.7 *
			Huayquerian											Opoitian	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
			Chasicoan												7.9 *
			Chasicoan									Vallesian			8.7
			Mayoan												9.9 *
			Laventan												10.9 *
													Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian										Astaracian		Waiauan	11.63
														Lillburnian	13.05
			Colloncuran												13.7 *
		Langhian													13.82
														Clifdenian	15.1
			Friasian											Clifdenian	15.4 *
													Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian										Orleanian			15.98
			Santacrucian												16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian												17.4 *
														Otaian	18.7
												Agenian			20
		Aquitanian													20.44
			Deseadan												20.9 *
													Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian	23.03
														Duntroonian	25.2
														Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican												28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
													Arnold	Runangan	34.6
			Divisaderan											Runangan	35.9 *
														Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian													41.2
			Mustersan												41.9 *
													Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
														Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian													47.8
			Casamayoran												47.9 *
														Mangaorapan	48.9
														Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican											Teurian	56
			Itaboraian												56.9 *
			Peligran												58.9 *
		Selandian			59.2
		Danian			61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan		62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian			Korangan	113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke		Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke		Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia		Ohauan		150
						Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi		Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian				Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian				Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian			264.28
						Barettian			266
								Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian						Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian	273.01
						Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
								Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
			Yakhtashian			Telfordian		286
			Yakhtashian					288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare			419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian			Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		433.4
		Telychian			Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian			Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian			Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian			Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian			Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
							Cautleyan			448.9 *
							Pusgillian			449.3 *
					Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
							Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
							Burrellian			Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
									Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
									Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
									Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †				455.2 *
										Kukruse			456.4 *
							Aurelucian						456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Aseri			461.3 *
								Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
					Arenig		Fennian							468.4 *
										Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
							Whitlandian							471.1 *
				Hunneberg		473.7 *	Whitlandian
						Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
			Cressagian			480.8 *
				Varangu		481.3 *
				Pakerort		482.2 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian				485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
															538.8