PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian																	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian																	0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan																	0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan																	0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †																1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean																	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan																	2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan																	3.6
			Montehermosan																	3.7 *
			Huayquerian																	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
			Chasicoan																	7.9 *
			Mayoan																	9.9 *
			Laventan																	10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan																	11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran																	13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran																	13.82
		Langhian	Friasian																	15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian																	15.98
			Santacrucian																	16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian																	17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian																	20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan																	20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian																Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican															Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican															Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan															Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		35.9 *
		Bartonian																Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan																	41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan																Bumbanian	47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran																Bumbanian	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican															Gashatan		56
			Itaboraian																	56.9 *
			Peligran																	58.9 *
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan																	62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian		Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean		Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian			Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan				Pirgu	445.2
					Cautleyan					448.9 *
					Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian				Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
					Cheneyan					Rakvere		451.5 *
					Cheneyan					Oandu		452 *
					Burrellian					Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
									Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
									Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
									Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †				455.2 *
										Kukruse			456.4 *
					Aurelucian								456.8 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Uhaku			458.4
										Lasnamagi			458.9 *
										Aseri			460.4 *
					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					Aseri			461.3 *
								Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
										Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
										Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
			Arenig		Fennian									468.4 *
										Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian												470
											Latorp †			470.1 *
					Whitlandian									471.1 *
					Whitlandian					Hunneberg				473.7 *
					Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian									477.7
					Cressagian									480.8 *
										Varangu				481.3 *
										Pakerort				482.2 *
														Mansian †	483.55 *
														Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																			486.3 *
								486.5
								Sunwaptan											487.5
		Jiangshanian														Jiangshanian			489.5
											Aksaian								490.7 *
											Sakian								492.2 *
								Steptoean											493 *
		Paibian														Paibian			494
						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									494.7 *
						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian									Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian								Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian								Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian								Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan								Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												Duyunian			Waucoban †	509
						Toyonian		Lenian †										510 *
						Toyonian										Dyeran		511 *
						Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3												Nangaoian				514
																Montezuman		514.8 *
						Atdabanian										Montezuman		515.6 *
						Atdabanian										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian	Meishucunian							521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †						529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian	Manykaian †						530.7
																				538.8