PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		European Faunal Units	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian								Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian								Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan								Middle Pleistocene			0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan								Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				Villanyian				Late Pliocene	Yushean		2.58
			Chapadmalalan				Villanyian							2.9 *
							Ruscinian							3.1 *
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene			3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Huayquerian									Baodean		4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					Turolian				Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Chasicoan				Vallesian							8.7
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
												Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian					Astaracian				Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran									Shanwangian		13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian				Orleanian				Early Miocene			15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Santacrucian									Xiejiaan		16.9
			Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
							Agenian							20
		Aquitanian												20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene			23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican								Early Oligocene			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican								Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan								Late Eocene			35.9 *
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan								Early Eocene			47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran								Early Eocene			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican								Late Paleocene			56
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan								Early Paleocene			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Senonian	66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Gallic	100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian											Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense	168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi		179.8 *
					Kanense			181.3 *
					Carlottense			182.3 *
				Kunae	183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae	184.2
				Freboldi	185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras			186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras			189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis			190.3 *
		Sinemurian						192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian						Leine	264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Southwoodian			Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian										407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
														419.2