PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of North America	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian									0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian									0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan									0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan									0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean									2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan									2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan									3.6
			Montehermosan									3.7 *
			Huayquerian									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian										5.333
		Tortonian										7.246
			Chasicoan									7.9 *
			Mayoan									9.9 *
			Laventan									10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan									11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran									13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran									13.82
		Langhian	Friasian									15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian									15.98
			Santacrucian									16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian									20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan									20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan		27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican							Kekeamuan		28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		35.9 *
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan								Bumbanian	47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran								Bumbanian	47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican							Gashatan		56
			Itaboraian									56.9 *
			Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan									62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Senonian			66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic			100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian			125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
						Filipovian	276.5 *
						Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian			Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Irginian	285.9 *
						Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian			Bursumian †	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Virgilian			298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian			303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian			Desmoinesian			307
		Moscovian			Atokan			312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan			315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan			318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian			323.2
		Visean			Chesterian			330.9
					Meramecian			335.8 *
					Osagean			343.1 *
		Tournaisian			Osagean			346.7
		Tournaisian			Kinderhookian			351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian	Siegen					407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8