PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Carboniferous of North America	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carboniferous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian											0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian											0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan											0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean											2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan											3.6
			Montehermosan											3.7 *
			Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
			Chasicoan											7.9 *
			Mayoan											9.9 *
			Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan											11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian											15.98
			Santacrucian											16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian											20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican											28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican											33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan											35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan											47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran											47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican											56
			Itaboraian											56.9 *
			Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan											62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	Virgilian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian		Dorogomilovian		303.7
						Khamovnikian		304.8
						Krevyakinian		305.8 *
					Desmoinesian	Krevyakinian		305.9 *
		Moscovian				Myachkovian	Middle Pennsylvanian	307
						Podolskian		308.9 *
						Kashirian		311.4 *
					Atokan	Kashirian		312.7 *
						Vereian		313.8
						Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
						Cheremshanian		316.9 *
					Morrowan	Cheremshanian		318.4 *
						Prikamian		318.6 *
						Severokeltmian		319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
						Voznesenian		321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chesterian	Zapaltjubian	Late Mississippian	323.2
						Protvian		324.4 *
						Steshevian		326.8 *
						Tarusian		329 *
		Visean	Venevian			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Mikhailovian				331.9 *
			Aleksinian				333.7 *
			Meramecian		Tulian		335.8 *
			Meramecian		Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Osagean		Bobrikian		343.1 *
					Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian			Kosvian	Early Mississippian	346.7
					Kizelian		350.7 *
			Kinderhookian		Cherepetian		351.9 *
					Karakubian		354.4 *
					Upinian		356.3 *
					Malevkian		357.6 *
					Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian					Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian								Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
								Eastonian		Cautleyan	449 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
								Gisbornian		Cheneyan		452 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
										Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
										Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				Yapeenian		467.3
				Arenig				Yapeenian	Fennian	468.4 *
								Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian		470
								Chewtonian	Whitlandian	471.1 *
								Bendigonian		471.8 *
								Lancefieldian		473.5 *
									Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc					Migneintian	477.7
									Cressagian	480.8 *
								Warendian	Cressagian	482.8 *
								Warendian		485 *
														485.4