PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian									Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian									Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan									Ionian	0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan										0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				Tertiary †						2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan										3.6
			Montehermosan										3.7 *
			Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
			Chasicoan										7.9 *
			Mayoan										9.9 *
			Laventan										10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan										11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran										13.82
		Langhian	Friasian										15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian										15.98
			Santacrucian										16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian										20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan										20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican										28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican										33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan										35.9 *
		Bartonian											37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan										41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan										47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran										47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican										56
			Itaboraian										56.9 *
			Peligran										58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan										62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C		300.3 *
						Stephanian B		300.9 *
						Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A		303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian		305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian		307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D		307.4 *
						Westphalian C		309.8
						Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B		315.2
						Westphalian A		317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian		318.8 *
						Marsdenian		320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
						Alportian		322 *
						Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian		323.2
						Arnsbergian		324 *
						Pendleian		327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †		330.9
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †					Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3							Dyeran		514
									Montezuman		514.8 *
									Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
													538.8