PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous of China	Ordovician of North America					Cenozoic Subepochs	Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Cenozoic 6		0
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian										Late Pleistocene						0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian										Middle Pleistocene						0.129
				Chibanian	Ensenadan										Middle Pleistocene						0.3 *
				Calabrian	Ensenadan										Early Pleistocene						0.774
				Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †															1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean										Late Pliocene						2.58
				Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan										Late Pliocene						2.9 *
				Zanclean	Chapadmalalan										Early Pliocene						3.6
					Montehermosan																3.7 *
					Huayquerian																4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian											Late Miocene						5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
					Chasicoan																7.9 *
					Mayoan																9.9 *
					Laventan																10.9 *
				Serravallian	Laventan										Middle Miocene				Cenozoic 5		11.63
				Serravallian	Colloncuran																13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran																13.82
				Langhian	Friasian																15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian										Early Miocene						15.98
					Santacrucian																16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian																17.4 *
				Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian																20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan																20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Late Oligocene				Cenozoic 4		23.03
				Rupelian											Early Oligocene						27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican										Early Oligocene						28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican										Late Eocene				Cenozoic 3		33.9
				Priabonian	Divisaderan										Late Eocene						35.9 *
				Bartonian											Middle Eocene						37.71
				Lutetian															Cenozoic 2		41.2
				Lutetian	Mustersan																41.9 *
				Ypresian	Mustersan										Early Eocene						47.8
				Ypresian	Casamayoran										Early Eocene						47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican										Late Paleocene				Cenozoic 1		56
					Itaboraian																56.9 *
					Peligran																58.9 *
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene						59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene						61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan										Early Paleocene						62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															Cretaceous 8		66
				Campanian															Cretaceous 7		72.1
				Santonian															Cretaceous 6		83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian															Cretaceous 5		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															Cretaceous 4		100.5
				Aptian															Cretaceous 3		113
				Barremian															Cretaceous 2		121.4
				Hauterivian															Cretaceous 2		125.77
				Valanginian															Cretaceous 1		132.6
				Berriasian															Cretaceous 1		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															Jurassic 6		145
				Kimmeridgian															Jurassic 5		149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian															Jurassic 4		165.3
				Bajocian															Jurassic 4		168.2
				Aalenian															Jurassic 3		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															Jurassic 3		174.7
Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2			184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1			192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4			208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
			Asselian	Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
							Xiaodushanian	300 *
						Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
								Cantabrian	305 *
							Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
						Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
						Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian			Carboniferous 3	Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
				Shangsian	330.8 *			Pendleian
			Visean	Shangsian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	Carboniferous 2	330.9
				Jiusian	Warnantian	Brigantian †		335 *
					Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		Tangbagouan	Carboniferous 1	346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian		Tangbagouan	Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Cincinnatian	Gamachian		Ordovician 5	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian			Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Richmondian			Kralodvorian		446 *
Berounian								Richmondian			449.7 *
								Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
								Edenian					450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian					451.1 *
			Sandbian					Chatfieldian		Ordovician 4			453
								Turinian					453.7 *
								Turinian					Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Whiterockian				Canadian †		Zahorany †/Vinice		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Liben †				458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Ordovician 3						458.4
Dobrotivian																458.5 *
Oretanian																459.7 *
												Sarka †				461.7 *
			Dapingian							Ordovician 2		Klabava †				467.3
Arenigian																468
								Rangerian								469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian							Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian					Tulean									473.9 *
Tremadocian			Ordovician 1					Tulean		Tremadocian							477.7
								Stairsian									480.3 *
								Skullrockian								Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Cambrian 5		485.4
		Stage 10																Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Marjumian	Albertian †		Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian													Marjumian			Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan													Topazan			Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran				506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
		Stage 4													Dyeran				511 *
		Stage 3													Dyeran			Cambrian 2	514
															Montezuman				514.8 *
															Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian			720
		Tonian			Karatau													800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000	Karatau
		Stenian		Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan	1375
																					1400