PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of North America		European Faunal Zones	Precambrian of Russia	Silurian of North America			Permian of the Pamirs	Ordovician of the Baltic			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Wanganui	Haweran	0
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian															0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian															0.129
					Ensenadan															0.3 *
																			Castlecliffian	0.34
				Calabrian															Castlecliffian	0.774
																			Nukumaruan	1.63
					Sanandresian	Uquian †														1.7 *
				Gelasian					MN 17											1.8
				Gelasian					MN 17										Mangapanian	2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				MN 16											2.58
					Chapadmalalan															2.9 *
																			Waipipian	3
									MN 15											3.2
				Zanclean																3.6
					Montehermosan														Opoitian	3.7 *
					Montehermosan				MN 14											4.2
					Huayquerian				MN 13											4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian														Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
				Messinian															Tongaporutuan	7.2
				Tortonian					MN 12											7.246
									MN 11											7.75
					Chasicoan				MN 11											7.9 *
									MN 10											8.7
									MN 9											9.7
					Mayoan															9.9 *
					Laventan															10.9 *
																		Southland	Waiauan	11.04
									MN 7 + 8											11.1
				Serravallian					MN 7 + 8											11.63
									MN 6											12.8 *
																			Lillburnian	13.05
					Colloncuran															13.7 *
				Langhian					MN 5											13.82
																			Clifdenian	15.1
					Friasian														Clifdenian	15.4 *
																		Pareora	Altonian	15.9
				Burdigalian					MN 4											15.98
					Santacrucian				MN 4											16.2 *
					Santacrucian				MN 3											16.9
					Colhuehuapian															17.4 *
																			Otaian	18.7
									MN 2											20
				Aquitanian																20.44
					Deseadan															20.9 *
																		Landon	Waitakian	21.7
									MN 1											22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
																			Duntroonian	25.2
																			Whaingaroan	27.3
				Rupelian																27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican															28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
																		Arnold	Runangan	34.6
					Divisaderan														Runangan	35.9 *
																			Kaiatan	36.7
				Bartonian															Kaiatan	37.71
				Bartonian															Bortonian	39.1
				Lutetian																41.2
					Mustersan															41.9 *
																		Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
																			Heretaungan	45.7
Ypresian	47.8
	Casamayoran			47.9 *
				Mangaorapan	48.9
				Waipawan	52
Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican	Teurian	56
			Itaboraian		56.9 *
			Peligran		58.9 *
	Selandian				59.2
	Danian				61.6
	Danian		Tiupampan		62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata		Haumurian	66
			Campanian				Haumurian	72.1
			Santonian				Piripauan	83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
			Coniacian				86.3
			Turonian				89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
			Cenomanian			Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian			Korangan	113
			Aptian				117.5
			Barremian				121.4
			Hauterivian				125.77
			Valanginian				132.6
			Berriasian				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Dorashamian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Dzhulfian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Midian	259.51
			Wordian				Wordian	Midian	264.28
			Wordian				Wordian	Murgabian	266.2 *
			Roadian				Roadian	Murgabian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kubergandian	273.01
								Cathedralian	Bolorian	279.8
								Hessian		281.9 *
			Artinskian							283.5
									Yakhtashian	286
							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	Yakhtashian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian					Nealian	Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
			Kasimovian							303.7
			Moscovian							307
			Bashkirian							315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
			Visean							330.9
			Tournaisian							346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian	Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian	Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan							419.2
		Pridoli		Niagaran							422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
		Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Medinan							Clinton		440.1 *
													440.7 *
			Rhuddanian										440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian			Pirgu								445.2
						Vormsi								449.6 *
						Nabala								Johvi †	450 *
						Viru							Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian		Keila								Idavere †	453
					Haljala									453.9
					Kukruse									456.4 *
					Uhaku								Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku									458.4
					Lasnamagi									458.9 *
					Aseri									460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda								462.9 *
						Kunda							Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian			Volkhov									467.3
			Dapingian			Billingen									469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian												470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg									473.7 *
			Tremadocian			Hunneberg									477.7
						Varangu									481.3 *
						Pakerort									482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort							485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian					720
		Tonian					Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau	1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan	1375
																				1400