PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian						Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian							0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan							0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan							0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean						Yushean	2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan							3.6
			Montehermosan							3.7 *
			Huayquerian						Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
			Chasicoan							7.9 *
			Mayoan							9.9 *
			Laventan							10.9 *
									Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian								11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran							13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran						Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian	Friasian							15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian							15.98
			Santacrucian							16.2 *
			Santacrucian						Xiejiaan	16.9
			Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian							20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan							20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								23.03
		Rupelian								27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican							28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican							33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan							35.9 *
		Bartonian								37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan							41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan							47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran							47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican							56
			Itaboraian							56.9 *
			Peligran							58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan							62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian			100.5
							Middle Albian			106.2 *
							Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian					Late Aptian			113
		Aptian					Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian			139.8
							Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
							Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian	174.7
				Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian		Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian			Wordian		264.28
		Roadian			Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian					Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian					Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan		487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan		489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean		493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian			Albertian †		497
		Drumian	Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran			Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4	Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran					514
			Montezuman					514.8 *
			Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
										538.8