PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan				3.6
			Montehermosan				3.7 *
			Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
			Chasicoan				7.9 *
			Mayoan				9.9 *
			Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian	Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian				15.98
			Santacrucian				16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					23.03
		Rupelian					27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian					37.71
		Lutetian					41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican				56
			Itaboraian				56.9 *
			Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian					59.2
		Danian					61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian					72.1
		Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					100.5
		Aptian					113
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian			Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran			514
			Montezuman			514.8 *
			Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
							538.8