PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of the Baltic		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian				Nihewanian			Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian							Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan							Middle Pleistocene						0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan							Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †												1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean				Yushean			Late Pliocene						2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan							Late Pliocene						2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan							Early Pliocene						3.6
			Montehermosan													3.7 *
			Huayquerian				Baodean									4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
			Chasicoan													7.9 *
			Mayoan													9.9 *
			Laventan													10.9 *
							Tunggurian									11.1
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene						11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran													13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran				Shanwangian									13.82
		Langhian	Friasian													15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian							Early Miocene						15.98
			Santacrucian													16.2 *
			Santacrucian				Xiejiaan									16.9
			Colhuehuapian													17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian													20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan													20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian								Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican							Early Oligocene						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican							Late Eocene						33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan							Late Eocene						35.9 *
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan													41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan							Early Eocene						47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran							Early Eocene						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican							Late Paleocene						56
			Itaboraian													56.9 *
			Peligran													58.9 *
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan							Early Paleocene						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian												Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
		Bajocian													Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian												Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
						180.1								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Tatarian				Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian				Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian				Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian				Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
								Filipovian	276.5 *
								Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian				Sarginian	283.5
								Irginian	285.9 *
								Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian			Shikhanian	293.52
							Uskalykian	294.8
							Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian						Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian					382.7
			Middle Givetian					383.7 *
			Early Givetian					385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian					387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian					390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian					393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian					398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian					410.8
			Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
		Homerian	Wych					Woolhope		428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Telychian								436.3 *
		Aeronian			438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju					Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
						Vormsi				449.6 *
						Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
					Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
						Oandu					452 *
		Sandbian				Keila				Idavere †	453
						Haljala					453.9
						Kukruse					456.4 *
						Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Uhaku					458.4
						Lasnamagi					458.9 *
						Aseri					460.4 *
					Oeland	Kunda					462.9 *
						Kunda				Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian				Volkhov						467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg						473.7 *
		Tremadocian				Hunneberg						477.7
						Varangu						481.3 *
						Pakerort						482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Pakerort				Late Cambrian			485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian		489.5
		Paibian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Middle Cambrian			497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian			509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
																538.8