PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of China	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian									0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian									0.129
				Chibanian	Ensenadan									0.3 *
				Calabrian	Ensenadan									0.774
				Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean								Villanyian	2.58
					Chapadmalalan								Villanyian	2.9 *
													Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean										3.6
					Montehermosan									3.7 *
					Huayquerian									4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
					Chasicoan									7.9 *
					Chasicoan								Vallesian	8.7
					Mayoan									9.9 *
					Laventan									10.9 *
				Serravallian	Laventan								Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian	Colloncuran									13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran									13.82
				Langhian	Friasian									15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian								Orleanian	15.98
					Santacrucian									16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian									17.4 *
													Agenian	20
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan									20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican									28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican									33.9
				Priabonian	Divisaderan									35.9 *
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Lutetian	Mustersan									41.9 *
				Ypresian	Mustersan									47.8
				Ypresian	Casamayoran									47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican									56
					Itaboraian									56.9 *
					Peligran									58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan									62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian										72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
Pliensbachian				184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian		251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian		253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian		254.14
				Laoshanian		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian			Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian			Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian			Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian		Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian		Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
						Filipovian		276.5 *
						Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian		Sarginian		283.5
						Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
						Irginian		285.9 *
						Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian		Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian		Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
						Uskalykian		294.8
						Surenian		297.5
						Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
									300.1
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian						Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian						Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian						Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A				317 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian			Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian				346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian				353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
Katian			Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †	445.2
Katian			Berounian							449.7 *
Sandbian										453
										Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Liben †			458 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian										458.4
			Dobrotivian									458.5 *
			Oretanian									459.7 *
									Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian							Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian									468
Early Ordovician		Floian	Arenigian									470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	Tremadocian									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian					538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian					Karatau					800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau					1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian					1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian					1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan					1375
														1400