PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					South American Land Mammal Ages		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of England	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Cenozoic 6			0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian											0.0117
				Chibanian	Lujanian											0.129
				Chibanian	Ensenadan											0.3 *
				Calabrian	Ensenadan											0.774
				Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
				Gelasian	Sanandresian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean											2.58
				Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
				Zanclean	Chapadmalalan											3.6
					Montehermosan											3.7 *
					Huayquerian											4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
					Chasicoan											7.9 *
					Mayoan											9.9 *
					Laventan											10.9 *
				Serravallian	Laventan								Cenozoic 5			11.63
				Serravallian	Colloncuran											13.7 *
				Langhian	Colloncuran											13.82
				Langhian	Friasian											15.4 *
				Burdigalian	Friasian											15.98
					Santacrucian											16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
				Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian											20.44
				Aquitanian	Deseadan											20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Cenozoic 4			23.03
				Rupelian												27.82
				Rupelian	Tinguirirican											28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican								Cenozoic 3			33.9
				Priabonian	Divisaderan											35.9 *
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian									Cenozoic 2			41.2
				Lutetian	Mustersan											41.9 *
				Ypresian	Mustersan											47.8
				Ypresian	Casamayoran											47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican								Cenozoic 1			56
					Itaboraian											56.9 *
					Peligran											58.9 *
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
				Danian	Tiupampan											62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8			66
				Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						Cretaceous 7			72.1
				Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						Cretaceous 6			83.6
				Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian						Cretaceous 4			100.5
							Middle Albian									106.2 *
							Early Albian									109.9 *
				Aptian			Late Aptian						Cretaceous 3			113
				Aptian			Early Aptian						Cretaceous 3			119.5 *
				Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian						Cretaceous 2			121.4
				Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2			125.77
				Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						Cretaceous 1			132.6
				Berriasian			Late Berriasian									139.8
							Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
							Early Berriasian									142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6			145
				Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					Jurassic 6			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5			149.2
Early Kimmeridgian				Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2		184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian	Sevatian				208.5
				Alaunian				213.2 *
				Lacian				216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian		Triassic 3		227
			Carnian	Julian		Triassic 3		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian		Triassic 2		237
			Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian				242
				Pelsonian				243.8 *
				Bithynian				244.7 *
				Aegean				245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian		Triassic 1		247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian				251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian			Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian			Permian 1		293.52
			Asselian			Permian 1		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Carboniferous 5		Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian		303.7				Stephanian A
			Kasimovian		Cantabrian				305 *
			Moscovian		Cantabrian	Carboniferous 4			307
					Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Carboniferous 3		Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †		Carboniferous 2	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian			Carboniferous 1	346.7
			Tournaisian		Hastarian			Carboniferous 1	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Silurian 1			433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
			Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian				Ordovician 4					453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Ordovician 3							458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
										Oretanian				459.7 *
Sarka †											461.7 *
Dapingian			Ordovician 2				Klabava †				467.3
Dapingian										Arenigian	468
Early Ordovician		Floian								Arenigian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																635