PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			South American Land Mammal Ages		Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Cenozoic 6				0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian	Lujanian						0.129
		Chibanian	Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian	Ensenadan						0.774
		Calabrian	Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian	Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian	Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian	Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean	Chapadmalalan						3.6
			Montehermosan						3.7 *
			Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian							5.333
		Tortonian							7.246
			Chasicoan						7.9 *
			Mayoan						9.9 *
			Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian	Laventan		Cenozoic 5				11.63
		Serravallian	Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian	Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian	Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian	Friasian						15.98
			Santacrucian						16.2 *
			Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian	Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian	Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Cenozoic 4				23.03
		Rupelian							27.82
		Rupelian	Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Tinguirirican		Cenozoic 3				33.9
		Priabonian	Divisaderan						35.9 *
		Bartonian							37.71
		Lutetian			Cenozoic 2				41.2
		Lutetian	Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian	Mustersan						47.8
		Ypresian	Casamayoran						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Riochican		Cenozoic 1				56
			Itaboraian						56.9 *
			Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
		Danian	Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian			Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian			Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian			Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Cretaceous 4	Late Albian			100.5
						Middle Albian			106.2 *
						Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian			113
		Aptian			Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian			Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian			Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian			Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
						Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
						Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian			Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian		174.7
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian		Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian		Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian			Sevatian	208.5
					Alaunian	213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian		Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
		Carnian		Triassic 3	Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian		Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian		Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Carboniferous 5		298.9
		Kasimovian		Carboniferous 5		303.7
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4		307
		Bashkirian		Carboniferous 4		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Carboniferous 3		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10				Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian				Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian				Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian				Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Dyeran			514
				Montezuman			514.8 *
				Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
									538.8