PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Mesozoic Subages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian			Lujanian									Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian												Ionian	0.129
			Cudahyan/Sappan													0.21
						Ensenadan										0.3 *
									Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian														0.774
			Senecan/Rexroadian													1.4
									Nukumaruan							1.63
						Sanandresian	Uquian †									1.7 *
		Gelasian														1.8
		Gelasian							Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean								Tertiary †		2.58
						Chapadmalalan										2.9 *
									Waipipian							3
		Zanclean							Waipipian							3.6
						Montehermosan			Opoitian							3.7 *
			Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan										4.7
						Huayquerian										4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian							Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
						Chasicoan										7.9 *
			Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Chasicoan										9.4
						Mayoan										9.9 *
						Laventan										10.9 *
								Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian														11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian													12.5
									Lillburnian							13.05
						Colloncuran										13.7 *
		Langhian														13.82
									Clifdenian							15.1
						Friasian			Clifdenian							15.4 *
								Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian														15.98
						Santacrucian										16.2 *
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Santacrucian										16.3
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian										17.4 *
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian												18.5
									Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian														20.44
						Deseadan										20.9 *
								Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Monroecreekian												23.1 *
				Geringian												24.7 *
									Duntroonian							25.2
									Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
						Tinguirirican										28.9 *
																29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian													33.9
								Arnold	Runangan							34.6
						Divisaderan			Runangan							35.9 *
									Kaiatan							36.7
																37
		Bartonian														37.71
									Bortonian							39.1
			Late Uintan/Early Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian														41.2
						Mustersan										41.9 *
					Dannevirke			Porangan	42.6
								Heretaungan	45.7
			Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
		Ypresian							47.8
						Casamayoran			47.9 *
								Mangaorapan	48.9
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Mangaorapan	50.5
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean					Waipawan	52
								Waipawan	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican		Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
						Riochican			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
						Itaboraian				56.9 *
						Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian								59.2
		Selandian							To3/To2/To1	60.9
		Danian					61.6
						Tiupampan	62.4 *
						Tiupampan	Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Mata	Haumurian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian						Haumurian	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian						Piripauan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Santonian					Raukumara	Teratan	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		86.1
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
								Mangaotanean			90.5
								Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian						Arowhanan	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
								Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Motuan	Late Albian		100.5
								Urutawan	Late Albian		103.3
								Urutawan	Middle Albian		106.2 *
							Taitai	Korangan	Middle Albian		108.4
									Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian		113
									Late Aptian		117.5
									Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian		139.8
									Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
									Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian		Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian					227
		Carnian		Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian								Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian			Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian			Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian		Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian			Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan				Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian				Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian				Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Series 3 †			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian								Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
																538.8