PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Central Paratethys Stages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian	Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene						0.21
		Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene						2.58
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene						3.6
		Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene						4.7
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian				Pannonian							7.246
		Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Pannonian							9.4
		Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Sarmatian	Middle Miocene						11.63
			late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Sarmatian							12.5
						Badenian							12.8 *
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene						15.98
			Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
			late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene						23.03
				Monroecreekian									23.1 *
				Geringian									24.7 *
		Rupelian		Geringian			Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian					Early Oligocene						29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene						33.9
		Priabonian					Late Eocene						37
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene						37.71
		Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
		Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
		Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
		Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene						47.8
			Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene						56
		Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene						56.2
		Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Selandian			To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene						60.9
		Danian			To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene						63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian											168.2
		Aalenian											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
		Pliensbachian											184.2
		Sinemurian											192.9
		Hettangian											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Couvinien		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian		393.3
		Pragian				Siegen		407.6
		Pragian		Coblencien		Siegen		408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian	Paadla					423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula					427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu					429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu					430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani					431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani					433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian		Gamachian			443.8
		Katian			Gamachian			445.2
					Richmondian			446 *
					Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Edenian				450.4 *
			Mohawkian		Chatfieldian				451.1 *
		Sandbian			Chatfieldian				453
					Turinian				453.7 *
			Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian			Rangerian					469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean						477.7
					Stairsian						480.3 *
					Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian						485.4
		Stage 10									487.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Guzhangian									Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Branchian	509
		Stage 3									Branchian	514
		Stage 3									Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
													538.8