PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Cambrian Epochs	Devonian of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of China		Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian												0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian												0.129
				Chibanian	Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
				Calabrian	Cudahyan/Sappan												0.774
				Calabrian	Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
				Zanclean													3.6
				Zanclean	Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian												4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
				Serravallian	Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												11.63
				Serravallian	late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
						Monroecreekian											23.1 *
						Geringian											24.7 *
				Rupelian		Geringian											27.82
				Rupelian													29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												33.9
				Priabonian													37
				Bartonian													37.71
				Bartonian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian	Late Uintan/Early Uintan												41.2
				Lutetian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
				Ypresian	Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												47.8
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean												50.5
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1										56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1										60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1										61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian											Late Aptian		113
				Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras				Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Late Bajocian	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense				Early Bajocian	168.6 *
Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Late Toarcian	174.7
				Planulata					179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
								Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Kanense						181.3 *
				Carlottense						182.3 *
				Carlottense				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Kunae				Early Toarcian		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Freboldi						185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi						Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras						Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras					Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
			Norian						Sevatian		208.5
						Alaunian			213.2 *
						Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian			Tuvalian			227
			Carnian			Julian			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian			237
			Ladinian			Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian			Illyrian			242
						Pelsonian			243.8 *
						Bithynian			244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian	251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
			Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
			Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
			Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
			Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			Siegen			407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian						Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Sandbian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian						Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian						Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Yiyangian				470
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian				477.7
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian					485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian					497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian	509
		Series 2	Stage 3	514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Poundian †				538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †	Wonokan †				571.7 *
																	635