PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran						0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene	Sheridanian												0.0117
				Chibanian	Sheridanian												0.129
					Cudahyan/Sappan												0.21
											Castlecliffian						0.34
				Calabrian													0.774
					Senecan/Rexroadian												1.4
											Nukumaruan						1.63
				Gelasian							Nukumaruan						1.8
				Gelasian							Mangapanian						2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian						2.58
				Piacenzian							Waipipian						3
				Zanclean							Waipipian						3.6
											Opoitian						3.7
					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Opoitian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean						5.333
				Messinian							Tongaporutuan						7.2
				Tortonian													7.246
					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian												9.4
										Southland	Waiauan						11.04
				Serravallian													11.63
					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian												12.5
											Lillburnian						13.05
				Langhian							Lillburnian						13.82
											Clifdenian						15.1
										Pareora	Altonian						15.9
				Burdigalian													15.98
					Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian												16.3
					late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian											18.5
											Otaian						18.7
				Aquitanian							Otaian						20.44
				Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian						21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
						Monroecreekian											23.1 *
						Geringian											24.7 *
											Duntroonian						25.2
											Whaingaroan						27.3
				Rupelian													27.82
				Rupelian													29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian	Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian												33.9
										Arnold	Runangan						34.6
											Kaiatan						36.7
																	37
				Bartonian													37.71
											Bortonian						39.1
					Late Uintan/Early Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian													41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan						42.6
											Heretaungan						45.7
					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian												46.2
				Ypresian													47.8
											Mangaorapan						48.9
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Mangaorapan						50.5
					Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						Waipawan						52
							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Waipawan						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Teurian						56
				Thanetian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										56.2
				Selandian			Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1										59.2
				Selandian			To3/To2/To1										60.9
				Danian			To3/To2/To1										61.6
				Danian			Pu3/Pu2/Pu1										63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian			Lancian/Edmontonian			66
Campanian				Judithian/Aquilan				72.1			Haumurian
Santonian				Piripauan					83.6
Santonian				Raukumara					Teratan	86.1
Coniacian										86.3
Turonian										89.8
									Mangaotanean	90.5
									Arowhanan	93.7
Cenomanian									Arowhanan	93.9
				Clarence					Ngaterian	95.2
									Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian						Motuan	100.5
									Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai					Korangan	108.4
			Aptian						Korangan	113
			Aptian							117.5
			Barremian							121.4
			Hauterivian							125.77
			Valanginian							132.6
			Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke						Puaroan		145
			Kimmeridgian	Oteke						Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia						Ohauan		150
										Heterian		154.5
			Oxfordian									154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
			Callovian							Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian									165.3
			Bajocian									168.2
			Aalenian									170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
			Toarcian	Herangi						Ururoan		176
			Pliensbachian							Ururoan		184.2
			Pliensbachian							Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian									192.9
			Hettangian									199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour						Otapirian		201.4
			Norian							Warepan		208.5
										Otamitan		217
										Oretian		221
			Carnian							Oretian		227
			Carnian	Gore		Kaihikuan				227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan				237
			Ladinian			Etalian				238
			Anisian			Etalian				242
			Anisian			Malakovian				246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian				Vokhmian		247.2
			Olenekian			Nelsonian						249
			Induan			Nelsonian						251.2
			Induan	DUrville		Makarewan						251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan						251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian						253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Aparima		Flettian				Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian			Flettian				Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Wordian			Barettian				Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
			Roadian		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		Leonardian					Cathedralian			273.01
						Mangapirian				Cathedralian			276
										Hessian			281.9 *
			Artinskian										283.5
						Telfordian							285
					Wolfcampian	Telfordian				Lenoxian			286.1 *
							288.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni		443.8
			Katian								Pirgu		445.2
											Vormsi		449.6 *
											Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
											Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian								Keila		Idavere †	453
											Haljala			453.9
											Kukruse			456.4 *
											Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku			458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
											Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian								Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian								Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian												470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
											Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian								Hunneberg				477.7
											Varangu				481.3 *
											Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Pakerort		485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian		720
		Tonian		Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		Karatau		1000
		Stenian		Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan	1375
																	1400